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What is commercial bank?
Commercial
banks are those banks which offer short run and medium term loan to its
customers for conducting's internal trade and commercial in a smooth manner.
Discuss the various function of commercial bank.
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The
following are the main important functions of commercial banks-
Mobilization of saving- The most important function of
commercial bank is to mobilize of the savings of the community. There are
collecting three types of deposits like-
• Current
or demand deposits- Demand or current deposits can be withdraw at any time and
no interest is paid on such deposits.
• Fixed
or time deposits- Time or fixed deposits
are deposited for a fixed period and earns a high rate of interest.
• Saving deposits- Saving deposits are withdrawable
subject to certain restrictions and earn some interest.
Advancing of loan- The second important function of commercial
bank is advancing of loans to its customers for industrial, commercial and
other purpose. Loans may be advancing by the commercial banks as cash credit,
over draft, facilities, discounting, commercial bills like- bill change,
commercial banks normally advances short run loan against reliable securities
like- Gold, bills or exchange, etc.
Discounting of bills- Discounting of bills of exchange is
one of the important function of commercial bank. Normally commercial banks
discount trade bills of three month duration. Producers or sellers their
commodity to the buyers by sending bills of exchange through commercial banks.
The commercial banks in their term pay to the producers and seller the amount mentioned in the bill in advance and those collect required amount of the bill from the buyers with in three month and changes certain amount as commission for the discounting bills.
Creation of credit money- Commercial bank can create credit in
the market by advancing of loans and also by investing their deposits on
securities. When the commercial bank advancing loan to a person, the bank
simply credit the amount to the debtor to draw cheque up to that amount of loan.
Thus, loan creates deposits and these are known as created deposits.
Miscellaneous services of bank- Commercial bank are performing
various other function for their costumers. Commercial banks are providing
facilities for transferring a huge amount of money from one place to another
with full security through bank drafts.
It also issues letter of credit and cheques to
the travelers. Some commercial bank also deals with one exchange asper foreign
exchange regulation of the country. It also works as agents for their customers
for purchasing shorts securities and also for collection and payments of
bills.
Explain the process of credit creation by commercial banks
Credit creation is one of the most important function of commercial bank. Credit creation refers to the unique power of the banks to multiplied loans to advanced and hence deposits. As minimum reserve for meeting the demand of the depositors and lends out the remaining excess reserve to earn income.
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The bank loan is not paid to directly to the borrowers but its not only created in this account. Every bank loan creates and equivalent deposits in the bank. Thus credit creation means multiplied expansion bank deposits.
Assumption of Credit creation
The process
creation can be analysed into three ways-
• All
banks are one unit,
• Credit
creation by a single bank and
• Credit creation by the single banking system as a whole. But in our discussion
have discussed the process of credit by a single bank. As for example-
Suppose ‘A’
person deposits Rs.1000 with a bank. The bank keep reserve only 20% of the
entire cash to meet the day cash demand. Thus keeping Rs.20%, the bank loans.
The remaining Rs.800 to person ‘B’ by opening a credit amount in his name.
Again
keeping 20% of Rs.800 (160) the bank advances the remaining Rs.640 to person
‘C’ and soon. This process will continue till the initial primary deposits and
the initial excess reserves of Rs.800 leads additional deposits of Rs.4000
(800+640+512+...). By adding up all the deposits (Primary derivative) we get
total deposits of Rs.5000.
Here,
credit multiplied is 5 and the credit creation is 5 times, the initial excess
reserve. The process of credit creation in a single bank system can be shown
with the help of the following table-
| Rounds | Primary deposits | Cash reserve ratio 20% | Total credit creation (r) |
| 1. Person-A | Rs.1000 | Rs.200 | Rs.800 |
| 2. Person-B | Rs.800 | Rs.160 | Rs.640 |
| 3. Person-C | Rs.640 | Rs.128 | Rs.512 |
| 4. Person-D | Rs.512 | Rs.102 | Rs.410 |
| Rs.5000 | Rs.1000 | Rs.4000 |
The table
shows that on the basis of the cash reserve ratio of 20% and with initial
primary deposits of Rs.1000, the bank creates derivative deposits of Rs.4000
and total amount deposits is Rs.5000. Thus the credit expansion (Rs.4000) is
the times the initial excess reserve of Rs.800. Here the credit multiplied is
5. (The credit multiplier is the reciprocal of the cash reserve ratio, i.e.-
Credit
multiplier (K) = 1/r
Where,
r = Cash reserve ratio.
The higher
the cash reserve ratio the lower will be credit multiplier).
What are the limitations of credit creation by commercial banks?
Theoretically
the banking system can create unlimited amount of credit through expansion of
deposits but in reality the powers of bank to create credit are subject to a
number of limitation as explained below-
Amount of cash- The extend of credit creation depends upon the
amount of cash, with the banks, larger the amount of cash with the banking
system greater will be the credit creation and vice-versa.
Cash reserve ratio- The size of the credit multiplier is
inversely related to the cash reserve ratio. The higher cash reserve ratio, the
smaller will be the volume of credit creation and vice-versa.
Availability of borrowers- Banks crate credit by means of
loans and advances. Therefore, the extent of credit creation depends on the
availability of borrowers. If there are no borrowers there will be no credit
creation.
Credit policy of other banks- If some banks decided not to
utilize their full capacity for credit creation and keep large cash reserve,
the credit creation in the country will be limit to that extant.
Banking
habits- If people prefers to make transaction through cash and not by cheques.
The bank will be left with small cash and there will be lesser credit creation.
Thus, credit creation depends on banking habits of the people.
Business
conditions- Credit creation is further limited by the nature of business
condition. During depression when due to low profit expectation businessman
does not come forward to borrow from banks credit creation very small and
vice-versa.
Nature of
securities- The commercial banks always extend credit against securities. If
sound and acceptable securities are not available to the commercial banks in a
large measure, it is not possible for then a expand credit or deposit.
Conclusion
So friends, this was What is the process of credit creation by commercial bank?, what is commercial bank?. Hope you get the full details about it and hope you like this article.
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